Grassland bud and shoot demography depend on both amount and frequency of nitrogen addition

Abstract The amount and frequency of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition have dramatically increased, profoundly influencing population regeneration, community composition and productivity in grasslands. Perennial species in grasslands primarily grow and expand clonally, yet it remains unclear how their below‐ground buds and above‐ground shoots respond to the amount and frequency of N deposition. We conducted a long‐term (2008–2022) N addition experiment in a semiarid grassland. The experiment i