Understanding the role of overdose witnesses: responses and characteristics of people who inject drugs in Oakland and San Francisco
Bow Suprasert·Willi McFarland·Eileen F. Dunne·José Francisco·Glenda N. Baguso·Glenn‐Milo Santos·Erin Wilson·Iris R. O’Neal·Gueslyn Velasquez·Paavani Lella·Raul Ruiz
Nearly four in five PWID in Oakland and San Francisco recently witnessed an overdose. Witnesses are at greater risk of non-fatal overdose and may be the first to respond when those they inject with overdose. Targeting naloxone distributions to PWID who are characteristically more likely to witness overdoses may prevent additional drug-related deaths.