Spatial enzyme assembly for microbial pharmaceutical synthesis

Microbial synthesis provides a sustainable and efficient platform for pharmaceutical production, primarily through heterologous enzyme expression in engineered cell factories. However, this approach often suffers from intermediate diffusion, metabolic flux competition, and cytotoxic accumulation. Inspired by naturally evolved pathways where enzymes are spatially organized to enhance catalytic specificity and efficiency, artificial spatial assembly tools have been developed to overcome these limi