The impact of exchange traded funds in freight market volatility

Abstract Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are investment funds traded on stock exchanges that hold financial assets such as commodities, stocks, bonds, currencies, futures contracts, or debt. ETFs allow shareholders indirect ownership of the underlying assets and entitlement to associated profits, such as interest or dividends. This study investigates the relationship between the trading of a dry-bulk ETF in the maritime sector and its effect on the volatility of dry-bulk spot freight rates. Using G