Amid growing concerns over the multifaceted health challenges faced by university students, this study investigated the effects of a 12-week structured basketball training program on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and examined how these effects differ based on students' baseline physical activity levels. A total of 162 undergraduates were stratified into four groups—sedentary, underactive, insufficiently active, and active—based on initial activity assessments. The intervention consisted