Exploring climate change adaptation in coffee-based farming systems: strategies and determinants among smallholder farmers in Western Ethiopia

• The study explored climate change adaptation measures in coffee-based farming systems and their key determinants. • A cross-sectional household survey was combined with longitudinal climate data. • Temperature and rainfall showed increasing trends, which aligned with farmers’ perceptions. • Rainfall irregularities were identified as the major climatic risk to coffee production. • Farmers adopted different adaptation options, with agroforestry being the dominant strategy. Coffee is a vital sour