Simplified Channel Model for Medium- and Long-Range Underwater Electromagnetic Communication in Nonhomogeneous Seawater

With the continuous advancement of ocean observation technologies, ocean information sensing networks have evolved beyond traditional underwater sensors and are gradually expanding into multi-dimensional observation systems that incorporate aerial nodes. To enable effective collaboration among multiple nodes, efficient information exchange is essential. Underwater electromagnetic communication (UEMC) plays a vital role in ocean observation networks as a key means of data transmission. However, d