Child-centered placemaking principles: spatial strategies for play in constrained domestic settings in Tangerang, Indonesia

Children living in urban environments are increasingly vulnerable to psychological pressures such as stress, anxiety, and depression, largely due to limited access to space and time for play. Play is a vital activity for children’s mental well-being; however, within the context of urban residential areas in Indonesia, particularly in the post-COVID-19 period, play opportunities have become increasingly constrained. Children tend to remain indoors for both living and recreational activities, driv