Linear error propagation and Monte Carlo simulation for MC-ICP-MS neodymium isotope ratios uncertainty analysis

This study presents a comprehensive framework for uncertainty estimation in Nd isotope ratio analysis using both linear error propagation and Monte Carlo simulation. The developed model explicitly incorporates uncertainties from key analytical procedures—including baseline subtraction, isobaric interference correction, and exponential law mass fractionation normalization—providing more accurate theoretical precision limits. For the internally normalized 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratio, predicted cycle-leve