Knowledge-Informed Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning Strategy for Charging Stations Coordination in Distribution Systems

An effective coordination strategy between charging stations (CSs) and the distribution system operator (DSO) can fully exploit the charging flexibility of electric vehicles to improve the flexibility of power systems. Multiagent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) has proven its effectiveness in coordination problems. However, existing MADRL-based approaches face the problems of incentive inequity and sample efficiency. To address these challenges, this article formulates the CSs-DSO coordinati