Climate change: trends and their effect on seaport activity and infrastructure: insights from major ports of India

Seaborne transport plays a crucial role in local, national, and global economies, helping to shift manufacturing from regional to global levels. However, international trade is susceptible to the impacts of changing climate patterns. This paper examines how climate disruptions affect India’s international trade by analysing the seaport traffic of eight major Indian ports from 1982 to 2021. To that effect, using Principal Component Analysis, we create a climate index consisting of wind speed, tem