Hybrid energy storage system integrating lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors for enhanced electric vehicle performance

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has highlighted persistent challenges related to battery efficiency, limited lifespan and performance fluctuations during highly dynamic driving conditions. To address such issues, this study proposes a novel Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) that strategically combines lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors to take advantage of the high energy density of batteries and the rapid charge-discharge characteristics of supercapacitors. The hybri