Trends in climate extreme indices and implications for coffee farming in The Kafa Biosphere Reserve, southwest Ethiopia

Smallholder coffee farming in tropical highlands is increasingly threatened by climate change. This study examines the trends and potential effects of climate extreme indices on coffee farming households in the Kafa Biosphere Reserve using daily rainfall and temperature data (1985–2023). Twelve extreme climate indices (six temperature and six rainfall indices) were computed from Ethiopian Meteorological Institute (EMI) records following the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ET