Plant regeneration of sweet acacia (Vachellia farnesiana [L.] Wight & Arn.) via somatic embryogenesis
Alejandro Ibarra-López·José Elías Treviño-Ramírez·Héctor Lozoya-Saldaña·E. Olivares-Sáenz·Ma. del Carmen Ojeda-Zacarías·Rigoberto E. Vázquez-Alvarado
Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. is a leguminous tree of ecological and economic value, yet its propagation is limited by seed dormancy and inefficient vegetative methods. This study establishes a somatic embryogenesis (SE) protocol using cotyledons from immature zygotic embryos. Among the basal media tested, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium ensured the highest explant viability by minimizing browning and contamination. Embryogenic callus formation was optimized with 1.0 mg L−1 2,4-dichloro