Arabic calligraphy as mosque decoration: architectural significance in Indonesia

Abstract This research investigates the significant role Arabic calligraphy performs in Indonesian mosque building. Arabic calligraphy is valued for both aesthetic and spiritual purposes; it is a required element of Islamic architectural expression. Analyzing the several calligraphic scripts, mostly Thuluth, Kufi, and Naskh, why these letters are chosen, and how they are incorporated into architectural features such domes, mihrabs, minbars, arches, and walls, the study analyzes at Emphasizing ca