Numerical investigation of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of an air-assisted spray from a multi-hole nozzle

To facilitate the transition of marine energy systems toward low-carbon and environmentally sustainable solutions, this study numerically investigates the medium-assisted atomization characteristics of a marine methanol tri-fuel boiler (methanol, diesel, and heavy fuel oil) under realistic operating conditions. A CFD-based VOF-DPM framework coupled with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is employed, in which the VOF method captures the evolution and breakup of the continuous liquid phase, while the