Gramatikoff, Kosi: Constitution to Conscience: Institutional and Perceived Freedom of Expression Measured

This paper proposes a dual-dimensional framework for measuring freedom of speech across countries by distinguishing Institutional Freedom of Speech (IFoS) from Perceived Freedom of Speech (PFoS). The framework integrates four established international datasets: the World Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders (RSF), Freedom in the World by Freedom House (FH), the Freedom of Expression indicators by the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute, and the Global Expression Report by Articl