Technological advancements have shaped the methods for ensuring personal safety and safeguarding digital assets. In this regard, biometric systems are innovative technological solutions that utilize various behavioral and physiological traits for personal verification and identification. This technology provides efficient and seamless authentication while improving users' convenience in a range of security applications, including border security, physical access control, healthcare, and financia
Hardware- and software-based fingerprint liveness detection schemes—A literature review
Hussain Dawood
