Zaichenko, Vladimir: Toward the Foundations of Economic Activity

Contemporary economic theory relies on a set of concepts—labour, value, production, exchange—that are treated as explanatory primitives. Despite their centrality, these notions are applied to increasingly heterogeneous forms of activity without preserving a consistent criterion of distinction. Activities requiring substantial effort are routinely classified alongside those directly involved in material reproduction, obscuring a fundamental difference between effort and labour. This paper propose