BackgroundThe improper use of antibiotics in dairy farming contributes significantly to the development of antibiotic resistance (AMR), posing a global public health risk. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in dairy production can reduce the spread of AMR. Smallholder dairy farmers (SHDFs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are particularly critical stakeholders in this context, given their significant contribution to the dairy sector. Consequently, AMS in dairy production can reduce the s