Monte Carlo Simulation for Engineers: Turning Uncertainty Into Numbers
NovaSolver
Most engineering formulas assume the inputs are known exactly. Reality is not so tidy. A machined dimension is a nominal value plus a distribution. A material property is a mean with scatter. A load is a best estimate with a range. When several of those uncertain inputs feed into one output, the question stops being "what is the answer" and becomes "what is the spread of answers, and how often does it cross a limit." Monte Carlo simulation is the most general tool for answering that question. Th