Lip reading systems for Urdu alphabets in diverse environments

Abstract Lip reading technology has potential use across various fields, significantly enhancing communication for the deaf, aiding in noisy settings, and supporting information security through silent password entry. Although, notable progress has been made in constructing datasets of different types like digits, alphabets, words, phrases, and sentences levels for lip reading in various languages. However, developing a robust Urdu lip reading model remains a challenge due to the lack of a suita