This study provides a comprehensive taxonomic revision of Autolytinae (Polychaeta, Syllidae) from Australian waters, based on extensive collections housed at the Australian Museum (Sydney). All known Australian members of the subfamily are described and illustrated and accompanied by diagnostic keys to genera and species. We report 26 species belonging to eight genera—one of them new to science: Imajimaea Nygren, 2004 (3 species); Nygrenia gen. nov. (2); Paraproceraea Nygren, 2004 (4); Proceraea