Innovations in the treatment of endometrial diseases: Role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes

Endometrial disorders, notably intrauterine adhesions and thin endometrium, are major causes of female infertility and are often poorly managed by conventional therapies. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes have emerged as promising regenerative alternatives, leveraging their immunomodulatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties. This review provides a critical synthesis of evidence from 125 studies (2007-2025), focusing not only on therapeutic mechani