AI-based automated bleeding monitoring in conventional and robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery: a systematic review
Prosper Magara·Bessie Malila·Lamees Ras·Abby Blocker·Majahonkhe Shabangu·Ahmed Biyabani·Sudesh Sivarasu
Abstract Artificial intelligence has emerged as a promising approach for improving the detection and management of intraoperative bleeding during conventional and robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery, where delayed recognition of hemorrhage can lead to increased morbidity and procedural complexity. This review synthesizes current evidence on the use of artificial intelligence for intraoperative bleeding monitoring, with a particular focus on performance, feasibility, and clinical integration. A