Modeling and optimization of a grid-connected PV–wind–fuel cell hybrid system with hydrogen storage

This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic and environmental assessment of a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) integrating photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and fuel cell (FC) technologies for a case study in Dakhla, Morocco. A detailed modeling framework is developed, including renewable generation, electrolyzer operation, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell conversion, combined with an energy management strategy to coordinate power flows between system components an