Probing Monetary Gain and Loss as Affective Signals for Adaptive Control

The congruency sequence effect (CSE) is a robust phenomenon, yet whether affective signals drive this adaptation remains unclear. The affective signal hypothesis proposes that it is the negative affect induced by conflict, rather than conflict itself, that serves as the learning signal for control adaptation. However, prior studies testing this hypothesis often bear methodological limitations, including blockwise mood inductions, performance-contingent feedback, and confounds related to feature