Health risk assessment and ionomic profiling under cadmium, lead, zinc, and manganese stress in Amaranthus cruentus

Abstract Background Heavy metals (HMs) in agricultural soils pose a serious risk to crop safety and human health. This study evaluated the accumulation of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in Amaranthus cruentus L. cv. Pribina and integrated ionomic profiling with human health risk assessment to identify tissue-specific responses to metal exposure. Results Plants were cultivated in soils supplemented with 15 mg kg −1 Cd, 200 mg kg −1 Pb, 150 mg kg −1 Zn, and 300 mg kg −1 Mn