Evaluating protected area and tourism partnerships: a case study of Tiritiri Matangi Open Sanctuary, New Zealand

Context Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly recognised as a promising governance approach for protected area management, yet scientific evidence on their effectiveness, design, and sustainability particularly in marine protected area (MPA) tourism contexts remains limited. Aims This study examines the collaborative PPP between the Department of Conservation (DOC) and the Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi (SoTM) at Tiritiri Matangi Open Sanctuary, New Zealand, analysing its developme