A critical evaluation of digitalisation and green measures for advancing twin transition metrics

Abstract The global economy has undergone two significant shifts in recent decades: digitalisation and the green transition. While each has been studied extensively, their intersection remains underexplored. This study reviews metrics for assessing digital and green transformations, both separately and jointly, and identifies key challenges in evaluating their complementarities and trade-offs. By mapping current approaches and offering a comprehensive framework, the paper highlights gaps. The pa