Toxicity and Carcinogenic Health Risks of Trace Metal Residues in Selected Water Resources Contaminated by Wastewater Effluent

Abstract Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to detect the presence of 28 trace metal residues in water and sediment samples taken from four surface water resource sites polluted by wastewater effluent. The selected sites are tributaries of the main river within the area of Mangaung which supplies freshwater to communities. These trace metal residues included aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), indium (In), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), thallium (Tl), silver (Ag