Contemporary interdependence and the governance gap: the obsolescence of UNCLOS in submarine cable security
Mansur Juned·Diani Sadiawati·Yanyan Mochamad Yani·Nurfarah Nidatya·Shanti Darmastuti·Wiwiek Rukmi Dwi Astuti
Introduction Although almost entirely privately owned, submarine fiber-optic cables form the critical infrastructure of the global digital economy. This background of private ownership now intersects with the contemporary reality of geopolitical competition, where infrastructure is increasingly targeted through hybrid warfare and ‘grey-zone’ operations with diverse asymmetrical actors involved. Methods By utilizing a qualitative methodology that combines doctrinal legal analysis with case studie