Association between body mass index percentile and biological maturation: dental and skeletal age in an orthodontic population

To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) percentile and biological maturation indicators, including skeletal age, dental age, and tooth development, in children from two distinct regions of Türkiye. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 1011 orthodontic patients aged 6–18 years from Eastern Anatolia (n = 582) and Central Anatolia (n = 429). BMI percentiles were calculated using age- and sex-specific reference values and categorized as underweight, normal weight,