Modeling heart rate (HR) dynamics to reconstruct missing HR data in trail running

Abstract Background Heart rate (HR) is widely used to guide exercise intensity because it is non-invasive and easy to measure. However, outdoor recordings often contain artifacts and gaps, which can bias downstream metrics if not reconstructed accurately. Common reconstruction methods (e.g. linear interpolation) perform well in short gaps but ignore HR kinetics and changing external load, which is problematic in trail running with frequent intensity changes. The present study presents a HR recon