Counter-rushing English and EMI: the politics and ideology of rush in the internationalisation of education

Abstract In this paper, I argue that the global spread of English-medium instruction (EMI) is not just about language but also about time. Policies promoting English are often tied to speed, competitiveness, and future-oriented goals, creating pressure to “rush” toward English to succeed. This rush is driven by global forces such governments, universities, and markets, and pushes learners away from their communities and everyday realities. As a counterpoint, I revisit the Philippine community sc