Molecular kinetic modelling of vapour–liquid–solid interactions in confined evaporative flows

Non-equilibrium evaporative flows play a central role in many nanoporous membrane technologies, where transport of fluids is confined by solid surfaces at the nanoscale. In this work, we propose a molecular kinetic model that consistently resolves the coupled interactions among vapour, liquid and solid surfaces in such flows. As a direct consequence of this bottom-up approach, the liquid–vapour, liquid–solid and vapour–solid interfaces form autonomously, and the effects of non-equilibrium and re