TPACK, Informed Multimodal Distance Instruction for EFL Learning: An Action Research Study in Remote Elementary Schools in Taiwan

In alignment with Taiwan’s “Bilingual 2030” policy, this action research study investigates the efficacy of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK)-informed multimodal distance instruction in remote, predominantly indigenous elementary schools. While distance education offers a pathway to narrow the urban–rural achievement gap, geographical isolation and the digital divide present significant pedagogical barriers. This study employed a quantita