Spatiotemporal dynamics and seasonal influence on the microbial and physicochemical integrity of groundwater sources in rural cross river state, Nigeria
Stephen Ayeni Ishado·Sandra Gogo Okere·Dominic Mowang·Elizabeth Chioma Kanu·Magdalene Emmanuel Ekanem·Noella Ngob Ayuk-Obi
The availability of quality water resources is a significant challenge in many part of the world, including Nigeria. This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of groundwater quality in Obudu and Obanliku, Cross River State. Bacteriological and physicochemical characteristics of 120 samples from wells and boreholes were analyzed across wet and dry seasons (January–June, 2025). Independent T-tests and the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI) were used to determine significant di