Synergistic Effects of Bioactive Glass on the Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Bioactivity of 3D-Printed PCL Scaffolds

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is widely utilized in bone tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility and processability; however, its inherent bioinertness and hydrophobicity significantly restrict its clinical osteogenic efficacy. To overcome these limitations, we incorporated sol–gel synthesized silicate-based bioactive glass (BG) into a PCL matrix and fabricated a series of composite scaffolds with varying BG contents via direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing. Rheological characterizatio