HyDRA: A large-scale test bench for magnetic hydrogen liquefaction

Magnetic refrigeration at cryogenic temperatures represents a promising cleaner-production approach to reduce the energy intensity of hydrogen liquefaction. Experimental development of cryogenic active magnetic regenerators (AMRs) has been limited by the scarcity of magnetocaloric materials (MCMs), complex fluid–solid interactions, and the challenges of scaling up laboratory prototypes. Here, we present HyDRA, the largest hydrogen liquefaction AMR test bench to date, designed to achieve large te