Genetically Engineered Membrane-Mimetic Liposome-Wrapped Violet Phosphorus Nanoplatform for Targeted Synergistic Ferroptosis/Photothermal/Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly prevalent malignancy, is mostly diagnosed at intermediate and advanced stages. Current monotherapies are limited by poor targeting, severe toxicity, drug resistance, and high metastatic risk, necessitating more effective precision therapeutic strategies. Photothermal therapy (PTT) and ferroptosis induction are promising for HCC treatment, but violet phosphorus nanoparticles (VPNs) alone confer limited PTT efficacy, while the ferroptosis inducers RSL3 and