Numerical analysis of electron and hole transport layer engineering in MASnBr₃-based perovskite solar cells via SCAPS-1D simulation

Lead-free perovskite solar cells represent a sustainable alternative toward toxic lead-based devices. However, the performance of lead-free perovskites has often been challenged due to interfacial losses and instability. Therefore, in this manuscript, SCAPS-1D simulation is conducted in a high-performance lead-free device configuration of FTO/IGZO/MASnBr 3 /CBTS/Ni to gain insight into the role of transport layers and defect control on photovoltaic behavior. An amorphous IGZO electron transport