A Physics-Informed Deep Learning Approach Using Different Free Surface Approximation Strategies for Steady Seepage in Dams

Investigating soil seepage considering free surface conditions under complex geological conditions is of great significance to ensure the safety of dams. In recent years, physics-informed deep learning (PINN) has become a cross-disciplinary hotspot for solving forward and inverse problems based on partial differential equations. However, the challenges in free surface simulation have confined the majority of current PINN research to seepage problems under fixed boundary conditions. To address th