Mixed-Charge Surface Based on Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles Enables Controllable Antibacterial Activity

Efficient photodynamic antibacterial activity relies on the close interfacial association between photosensitizers and bacterial surfaces. While cationic functional groups can enhance bacterial binding, they often cause nonspecific membrane disruption and substantial dark toxicity. Here, we demonstrate that engineering a mixed-charge surface on conjugated oligomer nanoparticles enables programmable interfacial interactions and, consequently, controllable antibacterial performance. Charge-complem