Analysis of Influencing Factors on Phytoplankton Primary Productivity Across Ice-Free and Ice-Covered Seasons Through Remote Sensing and Optical Parameter Correction

The primary productivity of phytoplankton (PPeu) is critical to the carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems. However, in complex lakes covered by ice, the estimation of PPeu using remote sensing techniques is constrained. To address this limitation, this study developed an estimation model for ice-covered PPeu by incorporating optical parameters such as the ice surface refractive index and the extinction coefficient of the ice layer into the vertical generalized production model (VGPM). This approach