Novel thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) nanofiltration membranes have attracted wide attention for their generally boosted water permeability. However, the incorporation of diverse nanomaterials introduces significant uncertainty in tuning the pore size of TFN membranes, thereby complicating the regulation of solute selectivity. This challenge is further amplified by the complex interactions among the substrate, loaded nanomaterials, and interfacial polymerization (IP) for the polyamide layer format