Framing Indonesia's BRICS bid: a comparative sentiment and narrative analysis between Indonesian and international online news outlets

Introduction When Indonesia formally joined BRICS in early 2025, it entered a contested global narrative. This paper examines how that narrative was constructed across three distinct media environments: Indonesian domestic outlets, BRICS-affiliated media (Russia and China), and Western outlets (United States, United Kingdom, and France). Methods Drawing on 1,583 English and Indonesian news articles from 30 outlets spanning 2011 to January 2026, we apply XLM-RoBERTa-based sentiment classification