Seminal Fluid Biomarkers for Early Cancer Detection: A Systematic Review
G. R. Sagitova·Alexey S. Rzhevskiy·Andrey O. Morozov·Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani·Andrei V. Zvyagin·A.S. Fatyanova·Anna V. Slizova
Background: The early detection of prostate and testicular tumors remains challenging as standard diagnostic tools often lack sensitivity and produce ambiguous results. Seminal fluid is a biologically rich medium that closely reflects the state of male reproductive tissues and has therefore emerged as a promising source of non-invasive molecular biomarkers. Objective: This study aimed to critically evaluate the evidence regarding cell-free DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolites in seminal fluid, and