A rolling horizon approach for multi-objective optimization of two-way logistics with postponed orders

Last-mile delivery of e-commerce is a complex mix of simultaneous delivery of goods and pickup of returned goods. With return rates being substantial in the e-commerce sector, this problem is highly relevant. To address this challenge, this study formulates a rolling horizon simultaneous pickup and delivery problem with time windows in a two-way logistics system. The proposed approach integrates a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model with a rolling-horizon framework, allowing f