Out-of-pocket health expenditures and financial protection in Türkiye: pre-pandemic (2019) and COVID-19 era (2022) microdata

In alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 on Universal Health Coverage, this study assesses the extent to which Türkiye’s health insurance system protected households from out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Despite the implementation of the Health Transformation Program and Universal Health Insurance, concerns remain about financial protection, particularly amid economic downturns and the rapid expansion of private healthcare. Using n